Substrand: "9.4 Body systems (II)" (16 periods)

This sub-strands deals with skeleton, reproduction, nerves and endocrine. The human body is made up of different systems that work together for normal body functions. The skeleton system consists of bones and muscles; they support and enable the body to move. The human reproductive system makes the continuation of life possible. When gametes from male and female parents combine, a new offspring is formed. The nervous system controls and co-ordinates all the parts of the body. It is the most complex of all the body systems. The endocrine system uses chemical messages called hormones to transfer information around the body.

Learner's should:

Learner's should:

Learner's should:

9.4.1 know that the human skeleton is made up of different parts (k)

9.4.1.1 identify five different parts of the skeleton system; skull, limbs, ribcage, girdles, vertebral column

9.4.2 know the function of the human skeleton system (k)

9.4.2.1 describe the three main functions of the human skeleton system; Support, Protection and Movement

9.4.3 know the different types of joints of the human skeleton system (k)

9.4.3.1 describe the three main types of joints of the human skeleton system; hinge joint – elbow and knee ball and socket – shoulder and hip pivot – neck and spine on the hip bone

9.4.4 know that bones join to each other and to the muscles (k)

9.4.4.1 state that muscles are joined to the bone by tendons
9.4.4.2 state that bones are joined to each other by ligaments

9.4.5 understand that muscles produce movement of joints and bones (u)

9.4.5.1 explain that muscle can contract (get shorter and fatter) or relax (become longer and thinner) to cause movement

9.4.6 be able to show antagonistic muscle movement in parts of the body (s)

9.4.6.1 demonstrate that lifting of the arm is an antagonistic muscle movement

9.4.7 understand antagonistic muscle movement of the parts of the body (u)

9.4.7.1 explain that muscles work in pair, with one contracting while the other relaxes. This is antagonistic pairs; one of the muscles can always contract to move a joint

9.4.8 know the different parts of the human reproductive systems (k)

9.4.8.1 identify the parts of the male and female reproductive organs; Male: penis, testicle, urethra, prostate and bladder Female: vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovary

9.4.9 understand the function of parts of the human reproductive systems (u)

9.4.9.1 describe the functions of the parts of reproductive system; Male: testicle, urethra, prostate and bladder Female: cervix, uterus, fallopian tube and ovary

9.4.10 understand the stage of puberty (u)

9.4.10.1 explain the physical change that occurred in male and female at puberty that due to release of hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

9.4.11 understand the phases of the menstrual cycle (u)

9.4.11.1 draw a diagram of the menstrual cycle and explain the three main phases; i. follicle ii. ovulation iii. Luteal

9.4.12 know the processes from gametes to birth (k)

9.4.12.1 draw a diagram to describe the reproductive stages from fertilization to birth

9.4.13 know the problems associate with the reproductive systems (k)

9.4.13.1 identify the problems associated with male and female reproductive systems diseases, infertility, cancer and cysts
9.4.13.2 describe ways to avoid having reproductive problems

9.4.14 know the nervous system (k)

9.4.14.1 describe the main parts of the nervous system

9.4.15 know the central and peripheral nervous system (k)

9.4.15.1 describe the functions of brain, spinal cord, sensory receptor and nerves

9.4.16 know that the nerves are made of neurons (k)

9.4.16.1 describe using diagram sensory, motor, & inter neurons
9.4.16.2 describe the main functions of sensory, motor and inter neurons

9.4.17 be able to show simple reflex arc (s)

9.4.17.1 demonstrate simple reflex arc; tap just below the knee cap of a friend sitting on a table with a hanging leg

9.4.18 know that the endocrine system passes messages in the form of chemicals (hormones) to the target organs of the human body (k)

9.4.18.1 define the terms: hormones, endocrine glands, endocrine system, and target organs

9.4.19 know that each hormone produced by the endocrine glands (k)

9.4.19.1 identify and describe the functions of endocrine glands and the hormones they produce: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, ovary, testes and liver

9.4.20 appreciate the importance of family planning (a)

9.4.20.1 express the benefits of family planning